In this paper, a modified version of the Granger causality test proposed by Toda and Yamamoto is used to investigate causality between GDP and healthcare expenditure in OECD countries. The findings indicate that bidirectional Granger causality is predominant.

We analyze the impact of healthcare financing on economic growth, focusing on the issue of the joint public–private financing of healthcare (co-payment). We use an overlapping-generations model with endogenous growth based on health human capital accumulation, where families pay for childhood...