This paper proposes to include the spatial time lag in empirical applications using spatial panel data models, and also explains why the coefficient of that term can be negative. We provide simple theoretical frameworks to justify the relevance of the spatial time lag to empirical...

This article examines the impact of the boundary specification problem upon the estimation of spatial autoregressive models within an instrumental variable (IV) framework. We show the usual IV estimator remains consistent and asymptotically normal, but incurs an asymptotic bias of order...