Most of the international environmental agreements that have been signed in the past to resolve transboundary pollution problems appear constrained in the sense that either monetary transfers accompany uniform abatement standards (agreements based on a uniform standard with monetary transfers),...

We investigate the relative efficiency of an agreement based on a uniform standard without transfers and one based on differentiated standards with transfers when strictly identical countries deal with transboundary pollution. We especially ask what role fixed cost plays. Two approaches are...

This article describes the theoretical basis and real-life application of the two main types of instruments – regulatory and economic – used in environmental protection policy, and in particular, in climate change policy. It outlines the context and issues at stake in the choice of...

Les politiques de lutte contre les rejets de polluants combinent deux types d’instruments principaux : réglementaire et économique. Le premier est le plus couramment utilisé par les gouvernements, notamment sous forme de normes fixant des limites d’émissions par unité produite ou...