When public research laboratories and industry meet to produce and exchange knowledge and technologies, they face decisions about how to frame these collaborations to make the best use of each partner’s resources, ensure a productive and fair outcome, and defuse any tensions and conflicts. In...

We define ‘failing states’ are those low-income states in which policy and governance is persistently very bad. We develop a theory of reform in these states in which several characteristics of the society might potentially be the binding constraint on change. We then introduce aid,...

Analyse l'épargne mondiale et explore les voies qui permettraient d'améliorer le fonctionnement des marchés boursiers et financiers, afin de rééquilibrer le partage de l'épargne entre Etats-Unis, Europe et pays pauvres et d'assurer un développement plus équitable au niveau mondial....

In Turkey, between 1994 and 2005, growth has been pro-poor in terms of rate of growth of income, but not in absolute values. This result is debatable. Firstly because the poorest (centiles 0 to 20) did increase more than the average their expenditures on health and education, which should be...

The role of defense in national innovation systems is a highly topical, because of the complexity of defense systems and the desire to get value-for-money from R&D investment, especially through the commercialization of defense-funded technology. In practice, external transfer has proved to be a...

In attempting to protect their innovations, firms can choose from a range of mechanisms, which may be either non-statutory (trade secrets, design complexity, and lead-time advantage over competitors) or statutory (patent, design registration, trademark, copyright). Yet, little is known about how...

Purpose – This paper aims to examine the effect of national culture on the capacity of small and medium-sized biotechnology enterprises to protect their intellectual assets by analysing the mediator role of environmental scanning behaviour. The extent to which environmental scanning behaviour...

This paper presents a new methodology aimed at building institutional indicators. Up to now, all the available indicators have relied on an analysis of the supply of legal protection. Conversely we propose here a methodology based on the analysis of the demand for legal protection, as it is...