This paper proposes an extension of the Granger (1969) causality definition to panel data models with fixed coefficients. Given the heterogeneity of the data generating process, four definitions of causality relationships are proposed. A procedure of nested tests is then defined and a...

The international financial crisis is likely to produce very different impacts on the various African countries, depending on their degree of openness to commercial and financial flows. The volume of foreign flows is a matter of concern given that exports, loans, public grants and remittances...

Since 1986, Vietnam has been reforming its economic system, moving from a centrally planned economy to a market-oriented economy connected to the rest of the world. This process has been shaped by the tensions and power relationship between moderate and radical reformers and the interaction of...

Many fiscal reforms in LDC’s have relied on the introduction of a presumptive tax. Aims were to simplify the tax system and to enhance the fiscal base by introducing previously informal enterprises. Theoretical qualities of positive incidence and of redistribution effects have been shown, but...

L’étude analyse la relation entre l’aide et le Syndrome dit Hollandais, qui prédit qu’un fort accroissement de l’aide pourrait entrainer une appréciation du taux de change réel des pays bénéficiaires de l’aide, ce qui à terme, se traduirait par un déclin du secteur exportateur,...