The balance of global power is undergoing a tectonic shift, with “developing” countries such as India, Turkey, Brazil, Mexico, Indonesia, and South Africa now asserting their influence. These countries subtly redefine our notion of “strong” and “weak” economics and the relationship...

To what extent did the colonial public policy influence the current regional inequalities in the French- speaking West Africa? This paper uses the differences in development outcomes across the areas of the former French West Africa to show the existence of colonial long term effects on...

Given the importance of governance systems in companies and to all its partners, collective responsibility of the different governance devices has been highlighted. The role of the Board which can be viewed as a body of supreme control remains highly controversial in the in different...

Compared to most countries, China’s value-added tax (VAT) system is not neutral and makes it less advantageous to export a product than to sell it domestically, as export - ers may not receive a complete refund on the domestic VAT they have paid on their inputs. However, the large and frequent...

During the last decade, the Chinese government has frequently changed the value added tax (VAT) refund levels offered to exporters. Indeed, China’s VAT system is not neutral, in particular because the exporters may not receive complete refund of the domestic VAT paid on their inputs. This...

Based on evolutionist theories and project management knowledge, a connectionist model based on genetic algorithm is built to simulate innovation process in organizations. Transformation and selection produce micro dynamics to create macro behavior in the agents' population. Results clarify...