We investigate the relative efficiency of an agreement based on a uniform standard without transfers and one based on differentiated standards with transfers when strictly identical countries deal with transboundary pollution. We especially ask what role fixed cost plays. Two approaches are...

The paper presents the NEPAD initiative (the New Partnership for Africa’s Development initiative) and criticizes some aspects of the document. Four principal critics are done. The first one is about the lack of financial funds and capital in Africa and how incorrectly the document addresses...

Vietnam is a very important country for the World Bank. It is the first recipient of IDA credits. It is also presented by the Bank as a model country for development success, especially in terms of poverty reduction. At the same time, the Bank is very active in Vietnam: it is the first provider...

This text presents the following articles about the World Trade Organisation. It opposes a « liberalist » conception of multilateralism to a cooperative interpretation. The first one stresses the role of the organisation to liberalise the international trade. The second one emphasises its...