Antitrust authorities have set up leniency programs for cartel members that denounce their collusive agreements. These programs help prosecute participants and can thereby deter collusion. We compare the impact of reduced fines and positive rewards and argue that rewarding individuals, including...

The United States spearheaded the movement for the globalization of patent protection. Over the past years, it has been pushing for the protection of strong intellectual property rights in multilateral and bilateral agreements, treaties and negotiations. The pharmaceutical industry insists that...

This article provides evidence that patent protection can have a positive effect on trade, by analysing the impact of the implementation of intellectual property rights (IPR) in developing countries on the US exports of pharmaceutical products, following intense lobbying efforts from the US...

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the brand name’s market shares in Tunisia are affected by generic competition during the pre-reform period of the Tunisian health insurance system following the methodological approach developed by Aronsson et al. (2001). In this study we use...

BACKGROUND: In 2005, the French Government implemented a new way of financing high-cost drugs for hospitals in order to promote innovation. Such drugs are gathered on a positive list, established by the Ministry of Health, with a reimbursement price cap. Hospitals still negotiate with...

External referencing (ER) imposes a price cap for pharmaceuticals, based on prices of identical or comparable products in foreign countries. Suppose a foreign country (F) negotiates prices with a pharmaceutical firm, whereas a home country (H) can either negotiate prices independently or...

En France, malgré le rôle prépondérant de l’assurance maladie obligatoire au financement des dépenses de santé (75,9% en moyenne en 2012), l’accès aux soins est fortement dépendant de la possession d’un contrat d’assurance complémentaire santé, et de sa qualité, dont 5% de la...