including a “democratic” clause. The inclusion of such a clause can be interpreted as a political choice to promote democracy …

European Union, a future member must be a stable democracy that respects human rights, the rule of law and the protection of … minorities. The inclusion of such a clause can be interpreted as a political choice to promote democracy. But it can also be …

During the three past decades, most developing countries have opted for both a higher degree of political democracy as … well as increased trade openness. This trend raises the question of the effect of democracy on trade liberalization. To … model has led to a gravity equation so that the expected positive relation between democracy and trade can be tested …

similarity of domestic institutions. We find an asymme- tric impact on trade of institutions quality. Our estimations show that a … country exports all the more since the quality of its institutions is high; but that the importing country quality of … institutions only affects exports from Northern countries. They also invalidate second best theories which see corruption as a way …

of as extra-economic dimensions such as subjective forms of poverty, quality of institutions (especially public … institutions) and type of political regime or, more generally speaking, the society’s system of values. To meet this major … Democracy) were added to the 1-2-3 surveys carried out in 2001, 2002 or 2003 in major cities in eight countries (Benin, Burkina …

be against democracy. Then, in order to consolidate the democratic process, state institutions must be reinforced to be … explain the difficulty to implement democracy and market economy relies on the idea that people, especially the poor, have a … education. But, on the contrary, the poor are strongly in favour of democracy as the rest of the population. This finding …