In elementary school, girls typically outperform boys in languages and boys typically outperform girls in math. The … differences in achievement into gender differences in endowments and returns to IQ and non-cognitive factors. This descriptive … resources and took similar advantage of these resources. Our findings indicate that gender differences in resources with respect …

reading but not necessarily in math for non-ELL students whose primary language is English, controlling for unobserved fixed … sensitive to the frequency of within classroom ability grouping usage, gender, and household income level of non-ELL children. …

-groups by race, income, and gender, and across institutions. Male, minority, and aided students are affected most strongly by …

effects in models where peer academic ability is measured in the aggregate. However, models that control for own-gender and … other gender peer performance identify strong, positive, and statistically significant male peer influence on male students …