We study whether current spending levels and public knowledge of them contribute to transatlantic differences in policy … effects vary by prior knowledge in a manner consistent with information effects rather than priming. Support for salary …

scores in terms of a student's position in a widening distribution of knowledge. If a standard deviation in test scores in … later grades translates into a larger difference in knowledge, an intervention's effect on normalized test scores may fall … even as its effect on knowledge does not. We evaluate this hypothesis by fitting a model of education production to …