Empirical studies commonly use research and development (R&D) to measure innovation and often find, especially in Canada, no strong link between productivity and innovation. In this article, we model innovation as an unobservable latent variable that underlies four indicators: R&D, patents,...

Innovation is a complex process and has multiple dimensions. In assessing the linkage between innovation and productivity, most of studies, due to data limitations, use only one single indicator to measure innovation. This paper argues that this practice may systematically bias against certain...