Technological dualism often is found to be associated with the geographical clustering of firms that use the same techniques. To shed further light on these localization phenomena, we analyze the long-run dynamic behavior of a system in which firms' choices among alternative production methods...

Research collaborations involve co-production and exchange of knowledge across organisational boundaries. They involve governance of intellectual property rights and partners' use of collectively produced knowledge. The principal findings arise from case studies of consortia governance in...

This article is about building new research capacities to foster a fundamental shift in research methods. It examines in detail the new R&D policy of the US Department of Education, which is designed to dramatically increase the number of experiments conducted in schools despite limitations in...

The management of knowledge in research consortia raises new appropriability issues, such as copying with the tension between individual protection and data sharing which is required in any process of collective invention. Based on case studies carried out in the field of biotechnology, the...