linkages between them. We rely on detailed patent data. particularly on patent citations, thus awarding the proposed measures a … reflect the basicness of research. As measures of appropriability we use the fraction of citations coming from patents awarded …

market for the patented invention and the approach uses five different patent features (forward citations, grant decisions …

accumulated knowledge available to inventors. Patent citations are used to represent this quality. This article explores the … pattern of citations in these fields more carefully. Evidence for diminishing returns to research inputs, both across time and … attention is paid to citations to government patents. The government patents filed in or after 1981 are more likely to be cited …

This paper explores the patterns of citations among patents taken out by inventors in the U.S., the U.K., Francc … other citations; (2) patents in the same patent class are approxinlatcly 100 titlles as likely to cite each other as ydtents … citations come sooner; and (4) there are clear country-specific citation tendencies, e.g., Japanese citations typically come …