maintain discretion over their research agenda and allow others to build on their discoveries. This paper examines the … granting of control rights to researchers. Within this framework, openness of upstream research does not simply encourage … higher levels of downstream exploitation. It also raises the incentives for additional upstream research by encouraging the …

government grants. We argue that there is no single best mechanism for supporting research. Rather, mechanisms can only be … an intramural activity to largely a grant process. Finally, we observe that much research is supported by a hybrid system …