The civil service in Europe has been undergoing profound changes since the 1980s. Two major developments are responsible for these changes: first, the high budget deficits of governments, and second, the demographic changes causing the share of pensioners to increase. These challenges have...

The paper proposes an empirical examination of the consequences of educational expansion and reform in four European countries in terms of school-leavers' labour market chances. The empirical analyses focus on the returns to higher education on the one side and vocational qualification as...

L'article se propose de mesurer et dinterpréter la progression des scolarités et de l'activité féminines en France et en Allemagne, pays pour lesquels les comparaisons des relations entre l'éducation et le travail ont surtout porté sur les hommes. Il met au jour, sur la base de grandes...

"Over the last two decades, youth unemployment emerged as one of the major problems of many contemporary European societies. As educational achievement is regularly claimed to prevent labour market exclusion, this paper explores the educational stratification of unemployment in early labour...

The paper builds on a French-German comparison on how individuals education and their social class position are related to each other. Labour force surveys from the early 1970s and 1990s are used as the empirical basis. We analyze patterns of occupational stratification by education from three...

In empirical education and labour market research, different approaches for measuring education have been pursued; they reach from number of years of schooling and educational scoring as continuous measures to typologies as ISCED and the CASMIN classification as categorical approaches. The value...