This paper contributes to the current literature on market disciplining of the sovereign governments in two ways: Firstly, it distinguishes both sides of the market discipline hypothesis (MDH) by adopting 3SLS to incorporate the contemporaneous feedback effects between primary structural budget...

This paper empirically investigates the effect of net external debt holdings on the size of medium-term current account balances. It utilizes an approach where net external debt holdings behave like a "shadow interest rate" in affecting the current account imbalances. This paper has four major...