environment around the time of the Arab Spring and the extent to which these constraints affected their employment performance … to electricity are found to explain a significant part of the lack of employment growth in MENA firms compared to their …

credit was made available. The attendant increase in employment levels appears to be around 3%. …

This paper examines the impact of trade on employment, wages, and other outcomes across countries and explores the … firm-level dataset to examine the impact of import competition on employment, wages, and firm performance, as well as the … industries, import competition actually strengthens employment growth. In addition, import competition tends to improve average …

participation, female formal employment, gender wage gap, as well as on aggregate economic outcomes. The model is estimated using …, and further widens gender gaps in formal employment and wages. Simultaneously implementing such policies with formal job …