Budget survey data and input-output techniques are used to estimate direct and indirect energy requirements of rural and urban Brazilian households classified according to four expenditure levels. Total energy requirements are disaggregated into 11 fuels.

In many developing countries, the hygiene-related demand for hot water will increase with urbanization and rising standards of living. Energy policies should be aimed at satisfying such demand with water-heating technologies compatible with the resource endowments of the country. Brazil is taken...