In the last few decades, electricity markets have undergone extensive reforms. A process of liberalizing electricity markets has been implemented by several countries, reducing the incumbents' market power. Thus, generation and retail are open to competition, while transmission and distribution...

There is no consensus on the method to set transmission tariffs for natural gas. The entry–exit system is widely used in European markets because it is cost reflective, it allows the network users to separately book capacity for entry and exit points, beyond its pro-competitiveness...

Portfolio Theory can result in a valid and contrasted methodology for evaluating real assets and electricity production portfolios within the construct of energy planning. It results in a more complete alternative to the least-cost perspective. In the proposed model the production costs of all...