Due to the growing concern for global warming, the EU25 have implemented the European Union Greenhouse Gas Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS). In the first trading period (2005–2007), part of the targeted GHG emission reductions presumably will have to result from a switch from coal fired...

The gas-balancing mechanism makes up the interface between the users of the network and the transmission-system operator. The latter is responsible for the reliable and efficient operation of the network, whereas the former actually cause imbalances in the system. To deal with these imbalances...