the United States between 1930 and 2008. It aims to show that increased refinery complexity reduces the energy consumption … modernized in 2008 at a cost of US $1.3 billion. As a result, its capacity increased by 17%, from 157 to 189 kbpd. Its complexity … thermal units) per barrel processed. These proceedings show that increases in complexity reduce the energy consumed in the …

order estimation of thermodynamics is based summing up the contributions of each heavy atom bonding description. Second … order corrections due to steric hindrance and ring strain are made. Automatic estimate of contributions due to internal …

thermodynamic approach of entropy generation minimization (EGM). This approach provides the key insights on how the available energy … role of distributed heating in enhancing the thermal mixing, temperature uniformity and minimization of entropy generation … dominates the total entropy generation. In contrast, thermal mixing is improved due to enhanced convection at higher Da …

energy consumption in a thermal process. The temperature–entropy diagram shows that in order to gain the maximum energy …

different components of the machine. The second law analysis provides the entropy generation in each element and its … contribution at the degradation of the COP as well as the total entropy generation of the system. We have proposed a modification … of the initial configuration of the machine to reduce the energy losses occurring in the components of high entropy …

rooted in the thermodynamic constraints associated with producing fuels with high energy, low entropy, and high exergy from … dispersed materials. In this study, a preliminary thermodynamic analysis is presented that calculates the energy, entropy, and … throughout. Results for the energy and exergy efficiencies, and the first-order energy and exergy return on investment, of the …

sustainability energy-related metric based on entropy balancing of a non-energy system. An underlying objective in this … of process quality, to entropy generation inherent to the considered manufacturing system. Hence, a manufacturing system …

into its components and gasification of the lignin component, thermal pre-treatment, and/or mixing with coal in order to …

, representing a significant contribution to irreversibility that is frequently omitted in engineering analysis. Entropy and exergy …