This paper analyzes modernization options for a local energy system, including both demand reduction and supply-related measures. The high-resolution optimization model deeco (dynamic energy, emission, and cost optimization) is extended by developing techniques to support conventional insulation...

Energy is a fundamental factor of industrial production. The industrial process consists of work performance and information processing, in terms of which the production factors and the output can be defined and aggregated. The equation of growth relates the growth of output Q to the growth of...

The minimum external costs of CO2 emissions are estimated for an economy which stagnates between the years 1981 and 2030 and then has to halve its energy input because the climate-compatible global CO2 emission budget has been exhausted after 50 years of constant emissions at present rates. All...