A lithium ion battery consists of numerous electrochemical cell units. Thermal and electrical behaviors of these local cell units have great influence on the battery's performance and safety. To study the relationship between the cell units and the battery cell, a pseudo 3D (three-dimensional)...

We developed a method that combines a slacks-based efficiency measure and the meta-frontier to measure environmental efficiency in countries with different income levels; we also constructed a technology gap indicator to measure the technology gap between the group frontier and the...