relatively weak. Entrepreneurship policy needs to target particular groups, including women and less experienced business owners …

national boundaries between religion and entrepreneurship. Definitions of entrepreneurship are taken from the Global … Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) studies for 2011 and 2012, focusing on the individual rather than on the business venture. Recent data … cultural environment for entrepreneurship. They also suggest that policy-makers may wish to pay closer attention to the …

entrepreneurship on the basis of stated motivation, but with no evidence that being 'forced' into entrepreneurship through economic … necessity is a significant factor. Motivation towards entrepreneurship is therefore highly multidimensional. Multivariate …-directed 'opportunity' entrepreneurship is more strongly associated with higher educational attainment. Those joining family businesses …

psychological disposition and environmental factors, as theory requires if optimism is to be a causal influence on entrepreneurship …