Water pollution trading (WPT) is considered a cost-effective policy instrument for controlling water pollution. Since the late 1990s the Chinese government has piloted WPT programs at different levels in an attempt to reduce water pollution. However, the implementation of WPT programs has not...

With this paper we provide a comparative study of local climate mitigation from both China and Japan, in the context of pessimistic international regimes to achieve significant results on climate mitigation. We compare the political systems, institutional arrangements, and local actors in local...

Frequent adjustments of environmental regulations usually cause business and investment risks, resulting in significant challenges for policy effectiveness. This paper examines how regulatory uncertainty affects decision making through an empirical study of the ‘Pay for Permit’ policy in the...