When the application of pesticides placesselective evolutionary pressure on pestpopulations it can be useful to plant refugeareas: crop areas intended to encourage thebreeding of pests susceptible to the pesticide. Renewed interest in refuge areas has arisenwith recent advances in biotechnology...

The employment of insecticides raises the relative fitness of resistant insects; the use of antibiotics applies selection pressure in favour of resistant strains of bacteria; lower limits on fish net mesh size raises the advantages of smaller adults. These are some of the many examples of the...