pollution usually bears a lower burden of the tax than the other input, although we find conditions under which this is not true … intensive, but capital is likely to be a better substitute for pollution than is labor. Copyright Springer Japan 2007 …

Empirical evidence suggests that increased democracy reduces pollution. Using a median-voter model (where a … income differs from the effect of a change in the economy-wide productivity in the determination of pollution. We find that a … democratization reform that brings poorer groups into the franchise leads to lower pollution only if the elasticity of the marginal …

under a constraint of pollution control. We showed that when there is an asymmetrical information problem regarding firms …’ pollution control efforts, both enforcement tools are generally needed. Taking as a benchmark a situation where firms … voluntarily engage in pollution control activities, we found that when the profit level is high, the suspension order is more …