Commodity-exporting developing economies are often characterized as having needlessly procyclical fiscal policy: spending when commodity prices are high and cutting back when prices fall. The standard policy advice is instead to save during price windfalls and maintain spending during price...

In most emerging markets, the lack of acceptable collateral is often cited as a key constraint on the provision of credit to agriculture. Three main types of collateral are typically used to finance agriculture: farmland, equipment, and agricultural commodities. In many economies, however, the...

This paper provides a model-based macroeconomic assessment of First-Mover Advantage (FMA) in environmental technologies, in which a European sector becomes world leader and captures the global market for a particular technology. The E3MG model is used to assess a set of scenarios where the FMA...