This study examines the mechanisms of social cost of carbon (SCC) and marginal abatement cost (MAC) in climate change modeling. To examine this mechanisms, we observed the shifts in the marginal benefit (MB) and marginal cost (MC) curves of carbon dioxide (CO2) abatement when parameter values...

Various indicators have been developed to assess the sustainability of countries. However, it remains theoretically and practically unclear whether it is possible to include institutions as an element of the sustainability indes. One of the main challenges is the substantial problem of missing...