to political debates that emphasise the cost of EU spending rather than the benefits, and add to the perception of the EU … budget in terms of net balances, rather than value added. • The financing of the EU budget must be reassessed in the light of … the July 2020 decision to launch the Next Generation EU programme. Budget resources could include a plastics charge, a …

United States, especially, do not separate economic interests from geopolitical interests in the same way the EU does. They … considers how the EU and its member states can better protect European economic sovereignty in a range of areas, including state … area, we recommend ways to improve the EU’s capacity to wield economic power, without advocating increased protectionism or …

issues is resolved. Under a good set of scenarios, the EU should persist on its current course with some significant … EU will have to contend with a possible break-up of the multilateral trading system, requiring the formulation of a Plan … B. The EU needs today to put in place its Plan B, not only to prepare for a far less favourable trading environment, but …

African countries have seen insufficient growth in their exports to the EU, and have undergone only limited diversification …. In the meantime, the EU’s exports to North Africa have grown quite rapidly. Economic growth in North Africa has been well … short of what is needed to reduce chronic under-employment, especially of young people. The EU trade agreements with North …

, Paraguay and Uruguay – are small on account of the small share of EU trade with Mercosur and the relatively modest ambitions of … the deal in terms of liberalising agriculture in the EU and manufacturing in Mercosur. Nevertheless, the agreement, if … towards an outward-oriented development strategy. The deal could also mark a significant step forward for the EU in its …

Africa’s population is projected to reach almost 2.5 billion by 2050. Migration from Africa to the EU is relatively … stable, at around 500,000 migrants per year, or 0.1 percent of the EU population, yet irregular immigration into the EU has … make them natural partners for the EU. The region is diverse but political instability has been a common feature that in …