to political debates that emphasise the cost of EU spending rather than the benefits, and add to the perception of the EU … budget in terms of net balances, rather than value added. • The financing of the EU budget must be reassessed in the light of … the July 2020 decision to launch the Next Generation EU programme. Budget resources could include a plastics charge, a …

pandemic hit, a substantial share of EU households reported that they would be unable to handle unexpected expenses. In some EU … countries, many households had savings equivalent to just a few weeks of basic consumption. • We find that one in three EU … measures put in place across the EU are intended to provide economic help to those households where members have lost jobs or …

United States, especially, do not separate economic interests from geopolitical interests in the same way the EU does. They … considers how the EU and its member states can better protect European economic sovereignty in a range of areas, including state … area, we recommend ways to improve the EU’s capacity to wield economic power, without advocating increased protectionism or …

the world. But the EU faces nevertheless formidable economic challenges. In the short-term, there is the potential for … strong macroeconomic weakening, resulting partly from uncertainty generated by the global trade conflict. The EU also has a … long-term growth and productivity weakness. Finally, the EU, especially the euro area, suffers from a lack of convergence …

average (Romania, Portugal) in financial literacy rankings. The findings for the EU echo those that are also applicable to … consistently underperform in literacy tests. Financial literacy matters for the EU for three reasons: 1) in the face of rapidly … associated with the main elements of inclusive growth in the EU, namely poverty, inequality, social exclusion and social …

system-wide level. We recommend that EU finance ministers increase resilience of the financial system through regular … broader political discussion on the integration of the EU security architecture applicable to the financial system. This … financial infrastructure at the EU level. …

Africa’s population is projected to reach almost 2.5 billion by 2050. Migration from Africa to the EU is relatively … stable, at around 500,000 migrants per year, or 0.1 percent of the EU population, yet irregular immigration into the EU has … make them natural partners for the EU. The region is diverse but political instability has been a common feature that in …