to political debates that emphasise the cost of EU spending rather than the benefits, and add to the perception of the EU … budget in terms of net balances, rather than value added. • The financing of the EU budget must be reassessed in the light of … the July 2020 decision to launch the Next Generation EU programme. Budget resources could include a plastics charge, a …

United States, especially, do not separate economic interests from geopolitical interests in the same way the EU does. They … considers how the EU and its member states can better protect European economic sovereignty in a range of areas, including state … area, we recommend ways to improve the EU’s capacity to wield economic power, without advocating increased protectionism or …

The European Green Deal is a plan to decarbonise the EU economy by 2050, revolutionise the EU's energy system … repercussions. The Green Deal will affect geopolitics through its impact on the EU energy balance and global markets; on oil and gas …-producing countries in the EU neighbourhood; on European energy security; and on global trade patterns, notably via the carbon border …

EU subsidies remain far larger. However, there are important qualitative differences. Some IRA subsidies discriminate … against foreign producers while EU subsidies do not. IRA clean-tech subsidies are simpler and less fragmented, and they focus … forcing the reorganisation of supply chains, the IRA may make the EU and other economies more competitive relative to China …

. All entail significant risks. The first might lead to a full stop of Russian gas into the EU. The second might increase … much-needed gas supplies. Instead of capping gas prices, the EU should engage collectively with external gas suppliers and …

policymakers should set their sights on the second level, which we view as achievable within the current decade, requiring new EU …