to political debates that emphasise the cost of EU spending rather than the benefits, and add to the perception of the EU … budget in terms of net balances, rather than value added. • The financing of the EU budget must be reassessed in the light of … the July 2020 decision to launch the Next Generation EU programme. Budget resources could include a plastics charge, a …

United States, especially, do not separate economic interests from geopolitical interests in the same way the EU does. They … considers how the EU and its member states can better protect European economic sovereignty in a range of areas, including state … area, we recommend ways to improve the EU’s capacity to wield economic power, without advocating increased protectionism or …

overall financial intermediation. In the EU, much of fintech is concentrated in the United Kingdom. We argue that policymakers … EU’s financial system? Getting the answers to these questions right at an early stage of market development would be an …

applicable to the use of public funds. The EU Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive (2014/59/EU) covers resolution, while … highlight how this two-tier framework raises important questions in the context of EU banking union. The first question is …

The European Green Deal is a plan to decarbonise the EU economy by 2050, revolutionise the EU's energy system … repercussions. The Green Deal will affect geopolitics through its impact on the EU energy balance and global markets; on oil and gas …-producing countries in the EU neighbourhood; on European energy security; and on global trade patterns, notably via the carbon border …

policymakers should set their sights on the second level, which we view as achievable within the current decade, requiring new EU …

-designing the European Union's relationship with its neighbourhood. Both acknowledge that EU enlargement is necessary, but also … emphasise that profound EU institutional reform is required beforehand, though deepening and widening the EU are complex … processes that veto players could block. The geopolitical challenges mean it is in the critical interest of the EU to bring …

respect, it is important to distinguish between oil and gas. For oil, Russia can diversify away from the EU market and …