challenge. While our simulations show that budget consolidation can be done at a moderate pace in line with EU rules if those … the EU fiscal framework beyond its existing flexibility and the proposed green golden rule does not appear necessary in …

to political debates that emphasise the cost of EU spending rather than the benefits, and add to the perception of the EU … budget in terms of net balances, rather than value added. • The financing of the EU budget must be reassessed in the light of … the July 2020 decision to launch the Next Generation EU programme. Budget resources could include a plastics charge, a …

European Commission's proposal to issue up to €750 billion in EU debt to finance its recovery plan is a step in the right … strong grip on revenues. To be politically sustainable, similar central control would be needed in the EU. The treaty …-based EU framework is the closest to fulfilling these criteria with political accountability through the European Parliament …

United States, especially, do not separate economic interests from geopolitical interests in the same way the EU does. They … considers how the EU and its member states can better protect European economic sovereignty in a range of areas, including state … area, we recommend ways to improve the EU’s capacity to wield economic power, without advocating increased protectionism or …

the world. But the EU faces nevertheless formidable economic challenges. In the short-term, there is the potential for … strong macroeconomic weakening, resulting partly from uncertainty generated by the global trade conflict. The EU also has a … long-term growth and productivity weakness. Finally, the EU, especially the euro area, suffers from a lack of convergence …