Abstract Robins et al. (2004 , Comparative Quantification of Health Risks: Global and Regional Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risk Factors. Geneva: World Health Organization) introduced the extended g-formula to estimate from observational data the risk of failure under...

Abstract Professor Miettinen offers a scathing critique of the criteria used by official bodies to decide for whom and how often breast cancer screening should be offered ( Miettinen, 2015 ). He notes that these bodies often simply synthesize the results of prior randomized clinical trials with...