The answer to competition from emerging countries with low wage costs must be very different according to the affected sector. We need to draw a distinction between manufacturing industry and services that can be relocated and other sectors: consumer services, retail, construction, most business...

This paper deals with the causes and consequences of the financial disintermediation that for some time has been taking place in Europe, particularly since the last financial crisis. Firstly, we present the evolution of bank and capital markets funding, which can be largely explained by the...