In this paper, we compare the efficiency of the Italian and German universities in the process of transforming public funding into the multiple outputs of a university, i.e. graduating students, publishing research, and patenting activity. We do this with a particular focus on the policies...

The relevant literature is conflicted about the direction of causality between innovation and exports. In this paper we attempt to shed light on this relationship by setting a theoretical framework where a two-way causality is hypothesized to exist between these two firm activities. In addition,...