The Late Middle Ages (c.1300–c.1500) saw the development of many of the key economic institutions of the modern unitary nation-state in Europe. After the ‘commercial revolution’ of the thirteenth century, taxes on trade became increasingly significant contributors to government finances,...

This book analyzes the various problems of growth, trade and public policy from the perspective of applied economics, based on research in areas such as public policies, trade and regulation, and development economics. Part 1 investigates the broad problems of growth and regional economy,...

1 Introduction: Overview -- 2 Japan's Industrial Structure: Forced to Change (1973–1982) -- 3 The global responsibilities of an economic superpower (1981–1992) -- 4 Long-Term Depression and Economic Structural Reform (1991–2000) -- 5 Conclusion: The Emergence of a Twenty-First-Century...