. The three approaches considered here are, respectively: first, a "cultural" theory, which understands identities as being … based on ethno-cultural factors generated through a long-term (historical) process; second, an "instrumental" theory, which … identities are compatible. This is, in part, because while national identities are largely "cultural", European identities are …

political sociology approach, the central concern of this paper is to insist on the political discretion of national actors in …

integration, it is necessary to show how successful actors in the European circles have created new forms of social and cultural …