Because of cost and time limit factors, the number of samples is usually small in the early stages of manufacturing systems, and the scarcity of actual data will cause problems in decision-making. In order to solve this problem, this paper constructs a counter-intuitive hypothesis testing method...

In estimating the number of failures using right truncated grouped data, we often encounter cases that the estimate is smaller than the true one when we use the likelihood principle to conditional probability. In infectious disease spread predictions, the SIR model described by simultaneous...