The Pickup and Delivery Problem with Shuttle routes (PDPS) is a special case of the Pickup and Delivery Problem with Time Windows (PDPTW) where the trips between the pickup points and the delivery points can be decomposed into two legs. The first leg visits only pickup points and ends at some...

This paper addresses the problem of finding an effective distribution plan to deliver free newspapers from a production plant to subway, bus, or tram stations. The overall goal is to combine two factors: first, the free newspaper producing company wants to minimize the number of vehicle trips...