Congestion is a widely observed economic phenomenon where outputs are reduced due to excessive amount of inputs. The … previous approaches to identify congestion in nonparametric analysis only consider desirable outputs. In the production process … congestion in the presence of desirable and undesirable outputs simultaneously. The proposed approach can discriminate between …

taking into account demand uncertainty and capturing the effects of congestion. Orders/customers are classified into classes … congestion via elongated lead-times which results in backorders and erodes the firm’s revenue. Through order acceptance decisions … relationship between throughput and workload to reflect the effects of congestion on production lead times. Illustrative simulation …

to be able to take recurring congestion into account when planning logistics operations. To test algorithms for time … in contrast to the behavior of real life congestion, which generally follows a specific pattern, appearing in specific …