Summary A long-standing issue in strategy research is the relationship between executive individual characteristics, strategic decisions, and resulting outcomes. I refocus upper echelons theory on executives' psychological processes represented by their self-regulation (promotion vs....

We provide a meta-analysis of alienation, outlining the extent to which it is predicted by individual differences (need for achievement), role stressors (role conflict), leader dimensions (initiating structure), and aspects of the work context (formalization). We also examine its relationship...