This paper analyses the impact of milk quotas on the size structure of dairy herds in two major EU milk-producing member states, Germany and the Netherlands, using Markov chain models. Four mobility indicators characterising structural change are developed and calculated. Structural change in...

Low investment rates are a puzzling phenomenon particularly in transition economies with an urgent need for modernisation. The literature offers two alternative explanations: imperfect capital markets and investment reluctance due to real options effects. In this paper, we develop a generalised...