is explained by student background and subject mix. Based on a simple measure of parental income, we see that students … is competitive to enter, with some universities demanding very high entrance grades. Students specialise early … from higher income families have median earnings which are around 25% more than those from lower income families. Once we …

Children born at the end of the academic year have lower educational attainment, on average, than those born at the … scores is likely to be the most appropriate policy response to ensure that children born towards the end of the year are not …

heterogeneity. Our model allows for four main social insurance programmes. In contrast to simpler models that attribute all income …

between children born at the start and end of the academic year. It builds on the previous literature on this topic in England … differences in outcomes between children born in different months that we observe. Specifically, we compare differences in tests … oldest and youngest children in an academic cohort; highlighting that children born at the end of the academic year are at a …