compares pathways into self-employment among men and women in the United States and Western Germany. Academic and vocational … credentials are more important for stabilizing self-employment in the United States than in Germany, where the lack of credentials …

years later using data from France, (western) Germany, and the United States. Relative to most of the literature, we … across countries. Labor market outcomes in Germany are consistent with a dual labor market model. In the case of American …