size and find a large negative council size effect. This pattern provides indirect evidence for the occurrence of lobbying …. The direction of the effect could be explained by free-riding incentives in individual lobbying effort contribution caused …

regulation when policy is determined in a lobbying game between a government and firm. We compare the resulting regulation levels … lobbying, but that lobbying can reverse the welfare ordering. …

We analyze the determinants of environmental policy when two firms engage in two types of lobbying against a … restriction on allowed pollution: General lobbying increases the total amount of allowed pollution, which is beneficial for both … firms. Private lobbying increases the individual pollution standard of the lobbying firm, but has a negative or zero effect …