Quadruple collaboration has risen rapidly in place of the traditional triple helix model of institutional collaboration between universities, governments, and companies. Loet Leydesdorff and Helen Lawton Smith (2022) approach this challenge by aiming to resolve the issue of evaluating and...

Triple Helix arrangements of bi- and trilateral relations can be considered as adaptive ecosystems. During the last decade, we have further developed a Triple Helix indicator of synergy as reduction of uncertainty in niches that can be shaped among three or more sets of relations. Reduction of...