, Japanese and Kazakhstan) and two product categories: Quick Service Restaurants (QSR) and beer. The findings confirm that … brands in the QSR market. In general, the opposite is found to be true for Japanese and Kazakh consumers. …

Japan, China, and Germany (Western reference country). Customer satisfaction is higher in Japan than China for goods and … perceived value (difference moderated by switching costs), public brand image, and quality expectations in Japan than China …. Economic differences between developed (Japan, Germany) and emerging (China) markets influence consumer preference structures …